Today Gnawali sir started with a drill exercise. And it was obvious that he was going to teach about grammar translation method and direct method. He already had us read the related chapters beforehand. At first he gave us some brief history on language teaching methods. According to which Latin was taught in grammar schools through rote learning of grammar, translation, practice of writing sample sentences along with parallel texts and dialogues which later advanced to advanced grammar and rhetoric. By the 19^th century, Grammar Translation method was established as standard way of teaching a foreign language. Its characteristics were:

1. The goal of learning a foreign language is in order to read its literature or for intellectual development.
2. The first language is maintained as the reference system in the acquisition of the second language

Then he taught us about direct method according to whose principles are:

1. Language is primarily speech
2. Classroom objects help learners understand the meanings
3. No native language used
4. Pronunciation stressed
5. Self correction
6. Conversation activity in each class
7. Grammar taught inductively
8. Syllabus based on situation and not on linguistic structure.